HANDBOOK OF BATTERIES

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CONTENTS
Contributors xv
Preface xix
PART 1 Principles of Operation
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts 1.3
1.1 Components of Cells and Batteries / 1.3
1.2 Classification of Cells and Batteries / 1.4
1.3 Operation of a Cell / 1.7
1.4 Theoretical Cell Voltage, Capacity, and Energy / 1.9
1.5 Specific Energy and Energy Density of Practical Batteries / 1.14
1.6 Upper Limits of Specific Energy and Energy Density / 1.17
Chapter 2 Electrochemical Principles and Reactions 2.1
2.1 Introduction / 2.1
2.2 Thermodynamic Background / 2.4
2.3 Electrode Processes / 2.5
2.4 Electrical Double-Layer Capacity and Ionic Adsorption / 2.11
2.5 Mass Transport to the Electrode Surface / 2.16
2.6 Electroanalytical Techniques / 2.20
Chapter 3 Factors Affecting Battery Performance 3.1
3.1 General Characteristics / 3.1
3.2 Factors Affecting Battery Performance / 3.1
Chapter 4 Battery Standardization 4.1
4.1 General / 4.1
4.2 International Standards / 4.3
4.3 Concepts of Standardization / 4.4
4.4 IEC and ANSI Nomenclature Systems / 4.5
4.5 Terminals / 4.8
4.6 Electrical Performance / 4.9
4.7 Markings / 4.10
4.8 Cross-References of ANSI IEC Battery Standards / 4.11
4.9 Listing of IEC Standard Round Primary Batteries / 4.12
4.10 Standard SLI and Other Lead-Acid Batteries / 4.13
4.11 Regulatory and Safety Standards / 4.21
Chapter 5 Battery Design 5.1
5.1 General / 5.1
5.2 Designing to Eliminate Potential Safety Problems / 5.1
5.3 Battery Safeguards when Using Discrete Batteries / 5.7
5.4 Battery Construction / 5.10
5.5 Design of Rechargeable Batteries / 5.14
5.6 Electronic Energy Management and Display—‘‘Smart’’ Batteries / 5.18
5.7 Guidelines / 5.22
Chapter 6 Selection and Application of Batteries 6.1
6.1 General Characteristics / 6.1
6.2 Major Considerations in Selecting a Battery / 6.2
6.3 Battery Applications / 6.3
6.4 Portable Applications / 6.8
PART 2 Primary Batteries
Chapter 7 Primary Batteries—Introduction 7.3
7.1 General Characteristics and Applications of Primary Batteries / 7.3
7.2 Types and Characteristics of Primary Batteries / 7.5
7.3 Comparison of the Performance Characteristics of Primary Battery Systems / 7.9
7.4 Recharging Primary Batteries / 7.21
Chapter 8 Zinc-Carbon Batteries (Leclanche ´ and Zinc Chloride Cell Systems) 8.1
8.1 General Characteristics / 8.1
8.2 Chemistry / 8.4
8.3 Types of Cells and Batteries / 8.5
8.4 Construction / 8.7
8.5 Cell Components / 8.11
8.6 Performance Characteristics / 8.17
8.7 Special Designs / 8.37
8.8 Types and Sizes of Available Cells and Batteries / 8.40
Chapter 9 Magnesium and Aluminum Batteries 9.1
9.1 General Characteristics / 9.1
9.2 Chemistry / 9.2
9.3 Construction of Mg/MnO2 Batteries / 9.4
9.4 Performance Characteristics of Mg/MnO2 Batteries / 9.6
9.5 Sizes and Types of Mg/MnO2 Batteries / 9.12
9.6 Other Types of Magnesium Primary Batteries / 9.13
9.7 Aluminum Primary Batteries / 9.13
Chapter 10 Alkaline-Manganese Dioxide Batteries 10.1
10.1 General Characteristics / 10.1
10.2 Chemistry / 10.3
10.3 Cell Components and Materials / 10.5
10.4 Construction / 10.10
10.5 Performance Characteristics / 10.13
10.6 Battery Types and Sizes / 10.27
10.7 Premium Zinc/Alkaline/Manganese Dioxide High-Rate Batteries / 10.29
Chapter 11 Mercuric Oxide Batteries 11.1
11.1 General Characteristics / 11.1
11.2 Chemistry / 11.2
11.3 Cell Components / 11.3
11.4 Construction / 11.5
11.5 Performance Characteristics of Zinc/Mercuric Oxide Batteries / 11.8
11.6 Performance Characteristics of Cadmium/Mercuric Oxide Batteries / 11.13
Chapter 12 Silver Oxide Batteries 12.1
12.1 General Characteristics / 12.1
12.2 Battery Chemistry and Components / 12.2
12.3 Construction / 12.10
12.4 Performance Characteristics / 12.11
12.5 Cell Sizes and Types / 12.16
Chapter 13 Zinc/Air Batteries—Button Configuration 13.1
13.1 General Characteristics / 13.1
13.2 Chemistry / 13.2
13.3 Construction / 13.3
13.4 Performance Characteristics / 13.6
Chapter 14 Lithium Batteries 14.1
14.1 General Characteristics / 14.1
14.2 Chemistry / 14.5
14.3 Characteristics of Lithium Primary Batteries / 14.9
14.4 Safety and Handling of Lithium Batteries / 14.17
14.5 Lithium/Sulfur Dioxide (Li/SO2) Batteries / 14.19
14.6 Lithium/Thionyl Chloride (Li/SOCl2) Batteries / 14.31
14.7 Lithium/Oxychloride Batteries / 14.49
14.8 Lithium/Manganese Dioxide (Li/MnO2) Batteries / 14.55
14.9 Lithium/Carbon Monofluoride {Li/(CF)n} Batteries / 14.72
14.10 Lithium/Iron Disulfide (Li/FeS2) Batteries / 14.84
14.11 Lithium/Copper Oxide (Li/CuO) and Lithium/Copper Oxyphosphate [Li/Cu4O(PO4)2] Cells / 14.92
14.12 Lithium/Silver Vanadium Oxide Batteries / 14.99
Chapter 15 Solid-Electrolyte Batteries 15.1
15.1 General Characteristics / 15.1
15.2 Li/LiI(Al2O3)/Metal Salt Batteries / 15.3
15.3 The Lithium/Iodine Battery / 15.9
15.4 Ag/RbAg4I5/Me4NIn,C Batteries / 15.22
PART 3 Reserve Batteries
Chapter 16 Reserve Batteries—Introduction 16.3
16.1 Classification of Reserve Batteries / 16.3
16.2 Characteristics of Reserve Batteries / 16.4
Chapter 17 Magnesium Water-Activated Batteries 17.1
17.1 General Characteristics / 17.1
17.2 Chemistry / 17.2
17.3 Types of Water-Activated Batteries / 17.3
17.4 Construction / 17.6
17.5 Performance Characteristics / 17.10
17.6 Battery Applications / 17.23
17.7 Battery Types and Sizes / 17.26
Chapter 18 Zinc/Silver Oxide Reserve Batteries 18.1
18.1 General Characteristics / 18.1
18.2 Chemistry / 18.2
18.3 Construction / 18.2
18.4 Performance Characteristics / 18.7
18.5 Cell and Battery Types and Sizes / 18.12
18.6 Special Features and Handling / 18.16
18.7 Cost / 18.16
Chapter 19 Spin-Dependent Reserve Batteries 19.1
19.1 General Characteristics / 19.1
19.2 Chemistry / 19.2
19.3 Design Considerations / 19.3
19.4 Performance Characteristics / 19.6
Chapter 20 Ambient-Temperature Lithium Anode Reserve Batteries 20.1
20.1 General Characteristics / 20.1
20.2 Chemistry / 20.2
20.3 Construction / 20.4
20.4 Performance Characteristics / 20.15
Chapter 21 Thermal Batteries 21.1
21.1 General Characteristics / 21.1
21.2 Description of Electrochemical Systems / 21.3
21.3 Cell Chemistry / 21.7
21.4 Cell Construction / 21.10
21.5 Cell-Stack Designs / 21.14
21.6 Performance Characteristics / 21.16
21.7 Testing and Surveillance / 21.20
21.8 New Developments / 21.20
PART 4 Secondary Batteries
Chapter 22 Secondary Batteries—Introduction 22.3
22.1 General Characteristics and Applications of Secondary Batteries / 22.3
22.2 Types and Characteristics of Secondary Batteries / 22.8
22.3 Comparison of Performance Characteristics for Secondary Battery Systems / 22.11
Chapter 23 Lead-Acid Batteries 23.1
23.1 General Characteristics / 23.1
23.2 Chemistry / 23.6
23.3 Constructional Features, Materials, and Manufacturing Methods / 23.16
23.4 SLI (Automotive) Batteries: Construction and Performance / 23.35
23.5 Deep-Cycle and Traction Batteries: Construction and Performance / 23.44
23.6 Stationary Batteries: Construction and Performance / 23.54
23.7 Charging and Charging Equipment / 23.67
23.8 Maintenance Safety, and Operational Features / 23.75
23.9 Applications and Markets / 23.81
Chapter 24 Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries 24.1
24.1 General Characteristics / 24.1
24.2 Chemistry / 24.3
24.3 Cell Construction / 24.4
24.4 Performance Characteristics / 24.8
24.5 Charging Characteristics / 24.27
24.6 Safety and Handling / 24.39
24.7 Battery Types and Sizes / 24.40
24.8 Applications of VRLA Batteries to Uninterruptible Power Supplies / 24.43
Chapter 25 Iron Electrode Batteries 25.1
25.1 General Characteristics / 25.1
25.2 Chemistry of Nickel-Iron Batteries / 25.2
25.3 Conventional Nickel-Iron Batteries / 25.4
25.4 Advanced Nickel-Iron Batteries / 25.13
25.5 Iron/Air Batteries / 25.16
25.6 Silver-Iron Battery / 25.19
25.7 Iron Materials as Cathodes / 25.23
Chapter 26 Industrial and Aerospace Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 26.1
26.1 Introduction / 26.1
26.2 Chemistry / 26.4
26.3 Construction / 26.4
26.4 Performance Characteristics / 26.9
26.5 Charging Characteristics / 26.14
26.6 Fiber Nickel-Cadmium (FNC) Battery Technology / 26.15
26.7 Manufacturers and Market Segments / 26.24
26.8 Applications / 26.28
Chapter 27 Vented Sintered-Plate Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 27.1
27.1 General Characteristics / 27.1
27.2 Chemistry / 27.2
27.3 Construction / 27.3
27.4 Performance Characteristics / 27.7
27.5 Charging Characteristics / 27.16
27.6 Maintenance Procedures / 27.20
27.7 Reliability / 27.22
27.8 Cell and Battery Designs / 27.26
Chapter 28 Portable Sealed Nickel-Cadmium Batteries 28.1
28.1 General Characteristics / 28.1
28.2 Chemistry / 28.2
28.3 Construction / 28.3
28.4 Performance Characteristics / 28.6
28.5 Charging Characteristics / 28.20
28.6 Special-Purpose Batteries / 28.26
28.7 Battery Types and Sizes / 28.32
Chapter 29 Portable Sealed Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries 29.1
29.1 General Characteristics / 29.1
29.2 Chemistry / 29.2
29.3 Construction / 29.4
29.4 Discharge Characteristics / 29.7
29.5 Charging Sealed Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries / 29.21
29.6 Cycle and Battery Life / 29.29
29.7 Proper Use and Handling / 29.32
29.8 Applications / 29.32
29.9 Battery Types and Manufacturers / 29.32
Chapter 30 Propulsion and Industrial Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries 30.1
30.1 Introduction / 30.1
30.2 General Characteristics / 30.2
30.3 Chemistry / 30.3
30.4 Construction / 30.4
30.5 EV Battery Packs / 30.14
30.6 HEV Battery Packs / 30.16
30.7 Fuel Cell Startup and Power Assist / 30.18
30.8 Other Applications / 30.18
30.9 Discharge Performance / 30.22
30.10 Charge Methods / 30.29
30.11 Thermal Management / 30.30
30.12 Electrical Isolation / 30.31
30.13 Development Targets / 30.32
Chapter 31 Nickel-Zinc Batteries 31.1
31.1 General Characteristics / 31.1
31.2 Chemistry / 31.2
31.3 Cell Components / 31.3
31.4 Construction / 31.12
31.5 Performance Characteristics / 31.17
31.6 Charging Characteristics / 31.25
31.7 Applications / 31.29
31.8 Handling and Storage / 31.35
Chapter 32 Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries 32.1
32.1 General Characteristics / 32.1
32.2 Chemistry / 32.2
32.3 Cell and Electrode-Stack Components / 32.3
32.4 Ni-H2 Cell Construction / 32.6
32.5 Ni-H2 Battery Design / 32.11
32.6 Applications / 32.16
32.7 Performance Characteristics / 32.19
32.8 Advanced Designs / 32.26
Chapter 33 Silver Oxide Batteries 33.1
33.1 General Characteristics / 33.1
33.2 Chemistry / 33.3
33.3 Cell Construction and Components / 33.4
33.4 Performance Characteristics / 33.8
33.5 Charging Characteristics / 33.20
33.6 Cell Types and Sizes / 33.22
33.7 Special Features and Handling / 33.25
33.8 Applications / 33.25
33.9 Recent Developments / 33.28
Chapter 34 Rechargeable Lithium Batteries (Ambient Temperature) 34.1
34.1 General Characteristics / 34.1
34.2 Chemistry / 34.4
34.3 Characteristics of Lithium Rechargeable Batteries / 34.17
34.4 Characteristics of Specific Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries / 34.25
Chapter 35 Lithium-Ion Batteries 35.1
35.1 General Characteristics / 35.1
35.2 Chemistry / 35.4
35.3 Construction of Cylindrical and Prismatic Li-Ion Cells and Batteries / 35.31
35.4 Li-Ion Battery Performance / 35.35
35.5 Charge Characteristics of Li-Ion Batteries / 35.67
35.6 Safety Testing of Cylindrical C/LiCoO2 Batteries / 35.70
35.7 Polymer Li-Ion Batteries / 35.71
35.8 Thin-Film, Solid-State Li-Ion Batteries / 35.85
35.9 Conclusions and Future Trends / 35.90
Chapter 36 Rechargeable Zinc/Alkaline/Manganese Dioxide Batteries 36.1
36.1 General Characteristics / 36.1
36.2 Chemistry / 36.2
36.3 Construction / 36.4
36.4 Performance / 36.5
36.5 Charge Methods / 36.13
36.6 Types of Cells and Batteries / 36.17
PART 5 Advanced Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Emerging
Applications
Chapter 37 Advanced Batteries for Electric Vehicles and Emerging
Applications—Introduction 37.3
37.1 Performance Requirements for Advanced Rechargeable Batteries / 37.3
37.2 Characteristics and Development of Rechargeable Batteries for Emerging
Applications / 37.9
37.3 Near-Term Rechargeable Batteries / 37.17
37.4 Advanced Rechargeable Batteries—General Characteristics / 37.18
37.5 Refuelable Batteries and Fuel Cells—An Alternative to Advanced Rechargeable Batteries / 37.23
Chapter 38 Metal/Air Batteries 38.1
38.1 General Characteristics / 38.1
38.2 Chemistry / 38.4
38.3 Zinc/Air Batteries / 38.6
38.4 Aluminum/Air Batteries / 38.30
38.5 Magnesium/Air Batteries / 38.44
38.6 Lithium/Air Batteries / 38.46
Chapter 39 Zinc/Bromine Batteries 39.1
39.1 General Characteristics / 39.1
39.2 Description of the Electrochemical System / 39.2
39.3 Construction / 39.4
39.4 Performance / 39.6
39.5 Tradeoff Considerations / 39.10
39.6 Safety and Hazards / 39.11
39.7 Applications and System Designs / 39.11
39.8 Developments and Projections / 39.20
Chapter 40 Sodium-Beta Batteries 40.1
40.1 General Characteristics / 40.1
40.2 Description of the Electrochemical Systems / 40.3
40.3 Cell Design and Performance Characteristics / 40.7
40.4 Battery Design and Performance Characteristics / 40.17
40.5 Applications / 40.28
Chapter 41 Lithium/Iron Sulfide Batteries 41.1
41.1 General Characteristics / 41.1
41.2 Description of Electrochemical System / 41.3
41.3 Construction / 41.4
41.4 Performance Characteristics / 41.6
41.5 Applications and Battery Designs / 41.15
PART 6 Portable Fuel Cells
Chapter 42 Portable Fuel Cells—Introduction 42.3
42.1 General Characteristics / 42.3
42.2 Operation of the Fuel Cell / 42.5
42.3 Sub-Kilowatt Fuel Cells / 42.9
42.4 Innovative Designs for Low Wattage Fuel Cells / 42.12
Chapter 43 Small Fuel Cells (Less than 1000 Watts) 43.1
43.1 General / 43.1
43.2 Applicable Fuel Cell Technologies / 43.2
43.3 System Requirements / 43.4
43.4 Fuel Processing and Storage Technologies / 43.7
43.5 Fuel Cell Stack Technology / 43.12
43.6 Hardware and Performance / 43.14
PART 7 Appendices
A. Definitions A.1
B. Standard Reduction Potentials B.1
C. Electrochemical Equivalents of Battery Materials C.1
D. Standard Symbols and Constants D.1
E. Conversion Factors E.1
F. Bibliography F.1
G. Battery Manufacturers and R&D Organizations G.1
Index follows Appendices

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