Handbook of Coal Analysis

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CONTENTS
Preface ix
1 Coal Analysis 1
1.1 Analysis Considerations 3
1.2 Accuracy and Precision 6
1.3 Bias 8
1.4 Reporting Coal Analysis 9
1.5 Interrelationships of the Data 12
1.6 Coal Classification 14
1.7 The Future 19
References 19

2 Sampling and Sample Preparation 22
2.1 Sampling 23
2.1.1 Manual Sampling 27
2.1.2 Mechanical Sampling 32
2.2 Sample Preparation 32
2.3 Washability 34
References 39

3 Proximate Analysis 41
3.1 Moisture Content 42
3.1.1 Test Method Protocols 48
3.1.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 49
3.2 Ash 51
3.2.1 Test Method Protocols 52
3.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 55
3.3 Volatile Matter 56
3.3.1 Test Method Protocols 56
3.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 59
3.4 Fixed Carbon 60
3.5 Coal Assay 60
3.5.1 Gray–King Assay at 600◦C (1112◦F) 61
3.5.2 Gray–King Assay at 900◦C (1652◦F) 61
3.5.3 Other Carbonization Tests 62
3.6 Other Methods 63
References 64

4 Ultimate Analysis 67
4.1 Carbon and Hydrogen 68
4.1.1 Test Method Protocols 68
4.1.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 70
4.2 Nitrogen 71
4.2.1 Test Method Protocols 71
4.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 73
4.3 Sulfur 73
4.3.1 Test Method Protocols 74
4.3.2 Determination of the Forms of Sulfur 77
4.3.3 Data Handling and Interpretation 79
4.4 Oxygen 79
4.4.1 Test Method Protocols 80
4.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 82
4.5 Chlorine 84
4.5.1 Test Method Protocols 84
4.5.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 85
4.6 Mercury 86
4.7 Other Constituents 87
4.7.1 Carbon Dioxide 87
4.7.2 Arsenic and Selenium 88
References 89

5 Mineral Matter 92
5.1 Mineral Types 94
5.1.1 Aluminosilicates (Clay Minerals) 94
5.1.2 Sulfide Minerals 95
5.1.3 Sulfate Minerals 95
5.1.4 Carbonate Minerals 95
5.1.5 Silicate Minerals 95
5.1.6 Other Minerals 95
5.2 Chemistry of Ash Formation 96
5.3 Test Method Protocols 98
5.3.1 Data Handling and Interpretation 99
5.3.2 Ash Analysis 101
References 107

6 Physical and Electrical Properties 110
6.1 Density and Specific Gravity 112
6.2 Porosity and Surface Area 117
6.3 Reflectance 121
6.4 Refractive Index 124
6.5 Conductivity 124
6.6 Dielectric Constant 126
6.7 Dielectric Strength 126
6.8 Specific Resistance (Resistivity) 127
References 128

7 Thermal Properties 131
7.1 Calorific Value 131
7.1.1 Determination of Calorific Value 134
7.1.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 137
7.2 Heat Capacity 138
7.3 Thermal Conductivity 140
7.4 Plastic and Agglutinating Properties 141
7.4.1 Determination of Plastic Properties 142
7.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 145
7.5 Agglomerating Index 145
7.6 Free-Swelling Index 145
7.6.1 Determination of the Free-Swelling
Index 147
7.6.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 149
7.7 Ash Fusibility 149
7.7.1 Determination of Ash Fusibility 150
7.7.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 151
7.8 Thermal Conductivity (Diffusivity and Expansion) 152
References 153

8 Mechanical Properties 155
8.1 Strength 155
8.2 Hardness 157
8.3 Friability 159
8.4 Grindability 161
8.5 Dustiness Index 164
8.6 Cleat Structure 165
8.7 Deformation and Flow Under Stress 165
References 166

9 Spectroscopic Properties 168
9.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 168
9.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 171
9.3 Mass Spectrometry 174
9.4 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 175
9.5 X-ray Diffraction 176
9.6 Electron Spin Resonance 176
References 177

10 Solvent Properties 184
10.1 Test Methods 185
10.2 Action of Specific Solvents 187
10.3 Influence of Coal Rank 188
10.3.1 Benzene-Type Solvents 188
10.3.2 Nitrogen-Containing Solvents 188
10.4 Influence of Petrographic Composition 190
10.5 Analysis of Coal Extracts 190
References 192
Glossary 195
Common Conversion Factors 213
Index 215